Twenty Years of Learning: How To Do Research in Chemical Education.<p>2003 George C. Pimentel Award, sponsored by Dow Chemical Co.

It is twenty years since the first symposium on research in chemical education was held at the American Chemical Society meeting in St. Louis in 1984. Over the course of two decades, the number of people who have devoted their careers to doing research on the teaching and learning of chemistry has increased significantly. There have also been significant developments in the methodology for doing research in this area and in the sophistication of the questions being investigated. This paper tries to summarize some of what the author has learned while working with graduate students pursuing research-based M.S. and/or Ph.D. degrees in chemical education over the last 20 years. It describes the three fundamental elements of a good research study—the theoretical framework, the methodological framework, and the guiding research questions—and examines the process by which the choice of theoretical framework is made.